Leader Characteristics and Foreign Policy Performance Essay

The old tell submarinees are made, not born describes the devising of leaders and lead. The exceptional courage, nobility and dominance attri thates to the main fount of a supporter that whitethorn be brought ab go forth by a particular experimental check over. Within the condition of a leadership referring to a electric chair, the range of a function of a hero is whitethorn be characterized by a organisational depart or the strong decisiveness in role- good exampleing by effecting the sovereign mandate of the lot pondering of harnessing socio- governingal devotion at phratry and abroad.The role- geting of a chairman represents impact to state of struggleds interstate (domestic) and outside (intrastate) policies. Thus, the epitome of a hero is outlined in the execution of policies in which heroes are made. This paper forget plow the critical role- amaze of leadership that is bestowed upon the mandate of a President symbolical to the creation and mental carry through of unconnected policies. US immaterial insurance end illustrating the judicious fake representativeIn the most recent electronic journal issue published by the Council on Foreign Relations (2008) features the clause, The proximo of American Power How America prat Survive the Rise of the Rest, adequate from the book of Fareed Zakaria (2008), discusses Britains and Americas distinctions of foreign insurance-making post illustrates the political leadership of the empire. According to the article, thither has been tremendous gaolbreak of political forcefulness shifted from various political leadership wherein Britain and America competed.The teddy is perceived to be on the triad wave in which the rest of political power switching remains a window of opportunity for the US to work out and master the changing macrocosm(prenominal) landscape, in which the strength and dynamism to continue defining the gentlemans gentleman can overcome its political dysfunction and reorient its foreign insurance for a ground defined by the rise of other powers (Zakaria, 2008). From the point of catch up with of Zakaria, the rest of emerging powers in the ternion shift is the current focus of a foreign polity inside the social, political and scotch rationale of the US government, and specifically a primary agenda on a lower floor scouring leadership.The rational actor form that could be attri preciselyed to furnish leadership may be exemplified by the comprehensive picture of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism taproom Act (IRTPA) of 2004, in which the national and world(prenominal) call of President render for undecomposed (America) and secured world is by enacting strategic reforms in the intelligence community and the streamlining of the US bureaucracy.To touch on the viscidness of the calling for safe and secured world is outlined under Section 7001 of the IRTPA that states the provisions, such(prenominal) as (Paragraph 2) to win the warfarefare on terrorism, the United States must assign to economic and diplomatic capabilities the same strategic antecedence that is assigned to host capabilities, and (Paragraph 3) the legislative and administrator branches of the Government of the United States must institutionalise to robust, long-term investments in all of the tools inevitable for the foreign form _or_ system of government of the United States to successfully accomplish the goals of the United States (IRTPA, 2004 in US Public Law 108458, 2004). It is therefore reflective of Zakarias (2008) work that the third shift of power by emerging governments and world economies is the focal point of the US shifting of political leadership by its conclusiveness illustrating the leaders rational actor model in framing a foreign policy. US foreign policy decision illustrating the hero-in-history modelThe messianic coordination compound has been attributed to the character of leadership of President Bush in the U S war on Iraq. It may surrender been recalled that US 9/11 tragedy invite pullulate with the hero-villain role-modeling that refers to the US servicemen as hero that fought the nefarious terrorists cohorts in Saddam Husseins tyrannical regime in Iraq. In which case, the US war on Iraq was attributed to the messianic redemption that freed the Iraqi mint from the irons of tyranny and renewed the democratic turnes. some(prenominal) political experts says that the character of Bush leadership has in some degrees creation a romanticist the sentimentalism that catalyzes decisiveness and unwavering acts.Thus, the hero-in-history model is patterned and entangled to the history of war and gaining dominance. In effect, the hero-in-history model has inherent circumstance and dominion vis-a-vis tailored in a foreign policy. As cited from the article of Lynne Olson in the electronic magazine of The Guardian, George Bushs favorite role model is famously Jesus Christ but Winston Churchill is close behind (Olson, L. , 2007). According to Olson the idolatry is circumstantial in the rose to power of government leaders, in which the hero-in-history has inherent apprize referring to Bush admiration to the works of Churchill in uniting and bringing the consort nations against Hitler as comparatively what the US did on its war to Iraq.It may be perceived that the framing of the socio-economic-political aspects of US foreign policy manifests courageous adventurism that exalts the hero-in-history model of American policy, and specifically the alleged(prenominal) heroic idealism of the President. US foreign policy decision employing the psychobiographical model found on the book write policy-making Leaders Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and bearing by Ofer Feldman and Linda O. Valenty, the psychobiographical model deeply cerebrate the individualisedity (inner-self) of the leader towards the leadership style. Meaning, in the flesh(predicate) ideals or beliefs is being applied in the capacity to govern the state or lead the government in enacting policies.To cite, the strategy of psychobiography assume that leaders personal histories and childhood experiences are essential aspect that characterized the disposition and leaders convictions that influences the mode, predisposition and performance in decision making (Kaarbo, J. , 2001 in Feldman & Valenty, 2001). one and only(a) example that could best describe the personal (psychobiographical model) influence in the process of decision making is the personal conviction of President Bush in his ideals for safe and secured world as being referred by American war historians as a recycled apprehension as inspired by his father, the author President George H. W.Bush, during the US troops deployment in the Middle East in the 1990s known as Operation relinquish Storm (The White House, 2008). It may be withal recalled that former President Richard Nixons (1913-1994) abhorrence to socialism a nd communism have led to US aggression in Vietnam that weakened the diplomatic ties with China, Soviet confederation and the Middle East, and left the American economic system into recession (The White House, 2008). It could be viewed that the psychobiographical model relating to the influence compute of the leader in the process of decision making somehow affects the direction, significance and performance of a policy in light of the sovereign will.In which case, the effect could be in the derailment (consistency or inconsistency) or achievement of a policy that addresses all the socio-economic-political interstate (domestic) and intrastate (foreign) perspectives. At hindsight, the enactment of the IRTPA of 2004 could bear the idealistic norm of ensuring a safe and secured world, in which the US foreign policy adheres to those ideals. moment of political terminologies According to Barbara Kellerman (1983) of Farleigh Dickinson University, the Bureaucratic regime Model or bpm is the credit and systematic installation of key government functions in which the governments gradable organization compose a bureaucracy.The BPM has been implemented in the US war on Iraq, as exemplified by the streamlining or functional alignment of governmental agencies through multi-lateral functions with the legislative, judiciary, executive branches of the government and its military establishments. In short, BPM is a synergy within a governmental function pre-disposal to the process of decision making and enactment of a domestic and foreign policy (Kellerman, 1983). end avoidance is being defined by sociologist as a common cause of indecision particularly in major(ip) decision making referring to the acts of the President, policy makers, military leaders and even the private somatic chief executives. The decision avoidance is also characterized by playing safe lieu to decide on a situation, condition or state of facts wherein critical summary is needed (Michael, A. , 2006).Instrumental rationality is being described as a necessity of coherence on non-instrumental desires and means-end beliefs, in which the sine qua non of coherence can be fulfill either locally or much globally (Smith, M. , 2004). As perceived, one that describes the coherence of instrumental rationality is the legal dialect of IRTPA 0f 2004 in the conduct of US war on terrorism wherein recognition, acceptance and collaboration is being worked with allied governments. Thus, the legal idiomatic expression in the conduct rationalizes the issues on the flawed effects to human rights violations. Based on the journal Substantive and Procedural tenability in closings under Uncertainty, the adjectival rationality is a method to sort the empirical study that is uncertain (Choi, S. , Fisman, R. , Gale, D. , & Kariv, S. , 2005).This explanation may be again correspond with the IRTPAs policy that mandates to reform the US intelligence community by creating and establishing th e emplacement of the Director for National Intelligence (ODNI) that shall streamline the operation of US homeland defending team system, wherein the level and condition of national and global uncertainties are critically studied and urbane in aid of policy ordinance or executive director decisions (referring to presidential directives). To cite, the rational decision-making model refers to the process-analysis of circumstantial or situational factor that is guided by parameters, such as (1) define the situation and decision to be made (2) identify the important criteria for the process and the result (3) consider all thinkable solutions (4) calculate the consequences of these solutions versus the likelihood of satisfying the criteria and portion out the best option (Decision-Making-Confidence. Com, 2008). This modeling may be exemplified in the Presidential directives creating the US 9/11 Commission that has recommended the legislative process of enacting the IRTPA of 2004.We may quote the saying of the 2nd US President magic trick Adams (1797-1801) that describes the presidential character, liberty cannot be preserve without general knowledge among the multitude who have the right to that knowledge and the desire to know, but besides this, they have a right, an indisputable, unalienable, indefeasible, portend right to that most dreaded and envied variety of knowledgeI mean of the character and conduct of their rulers (President John Adams, 1735-1826 in Texas University Press, 2004). translation the Presidential Character connotes the moral determine and virtuosity in the character of a President or a political candidate.It may be perceived that the moral attributions to presidential character also relate to the socio-religious-cultural breeding of the state, to which the moral values of social responsibility, accountability and confidence must be hold to the people. Conclusion The role-modeling of every government in its domestic and foreign affairs is characterized by the encrypt-heading of a President being the pre-dominant figure of the bureaucracy. It may be said that the 2ist nose candy character of the US government in bringing about and reaching out its foreign policies has related or shifted in the sensibility of personality and political will or decisiveness of the Chief Executive of the Land, especially when formulating effective and strong institution correlating the heroic ideals and championing of democracies.The power shifting, as therewith previously discussed in this paper, could be satisfying in framing a foreign policy within the emerging democracies end-to-end the world. The substantive role of the US government may be viewed as more than strategically entangled in the socio-political-economic conditions of its allied governments and other countries, which may be deviation beyond based on the Presidential performance and effectiveness of a foreign policy. In todays political race in America, th e American people are overly conscious in exalting their right to suffrage, likewise the people of the world casts on their predicaments and seeming insanity to whom America shall bear its foreign policy where heroes shall be made.References Choi, S. , Fisman, R. , Gale, D. , and Kariv, S. , (2005). Substantive and Procedural reason in Decisions under Uncertainty. Departmnet of Economics, cutting York University. Retrieved 01 May 2008 from http//fic. wharton. upenn. edu/fic/papers/06/0601. pdf. Decision-Making-Confidence. Com (2008). The Rational Decision Making Models. Retrieved 01 May 2008 from http//www. decision-making-confidence. com/rational-decision-making-models. html. Feldman, O. and Valenty, L. O. (2001). Profiling political Leaders Cross-Cultural Studies of Personality and behaviour. Questia E-Library. Retrieved 01 May 2008 fromhttp//www. questia. com/read/113103019? title=Profiling%20Political%20Leaders%3a%20%20Cross-Cultural%20Studies%20of%20Personality%20and%20Beha vior. Kellerman, B. (1983). Allison Redux Three more than Decision-Making Models. Polity, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 351-367. Palgrave Macmillan Journals. Retrieved 01 May 2008 from http//www. palgrave-journals. com/pal/index. html. Michael, A. (2006). draw away to Change. Retrieved 01 May 2008 from http//managetochange. typepad. com/main/2006/06/the_change_resi_5. html. Olson, L. (2007). Yes, George Bush does recall a British wartime prize Minister. The Guardian. Retrieved 01 May 2008 from